Bb

base on以••••••为基础，以•••••为根据
One should always base one’s opinion on facts.　意见应以事实为依据。
Some modern languages are based on Latin.　一些现代语言是以拉丁语为基础的。
Father Christmas is based on a real person in history.　圣诞老人的形象是来自于历史上的一个真人。
be able to能，能够
　Are you able to come tomorrow?　你明天得来吗？
  He hasn’t been able to go to school for a week.　他上学的时间还不到一个星期。
  I’ll be able to speak German in another few months.　再过几个月我就会说德语了。
用法导航
(1) can 和be able to都可以表示“能”，able是形容词；can是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化；be able有人称和数的变化，当表示现在或过去“能力所及”时，两者可以通用。例如：
He can / is able to speak German. 他会说德语。
I could / was able to run away very fast when I was a boy. 我小时候就跑得很快。
(2) be able to的过去式还可以表示一种“经过努力做到了”的意思，can的过去式则没有这种含义。例如：
He started late, but he was able to catch the eight o’clock train. 他出发晚了，但他努力了一把，还是赶上了八点钟的火车。
(3) can通常只用于上述两种时态，而be able to还可用于将来时态和完成时态。例如：
He has not bee able to come since he got hurt. 自受伤以后，他就一直未能前来。
be about关于
   This book is about science. 这本书是有关自然科学的书。
   It was about the Great Green Wall. 节目的内宾是关于绿色长城的事。
用法导航
(1) on 和about都可以表示“关于”的之意。在一般情况下，用on还是用about语法上均成立，但含义上有细微差别，about的内容比较广泛，不那么正式；on的内容侧重于学术性，试比较：
a book on the radio 关于无线电方面的专著
a book about the radio有关无线电方面的（一般）书籍
a talk on the history of China关于中国历史方面的专题讲座
a talk about the history of China有关中国历史方面的交流活动
(2) on多用于政治理论、国际形势、正式的语言交际场合，它比about表示的意义更系统、更详尽，专业性更强。例如：
a report on animals  关于动物方面的专题报告
a talk about money  有关货币方面的协商
stories about Lei Feng 关于雷锋的故事
(3)  about适合与learn, know, read, tell, teach等动词连用。例如：
What do you know about him? 关于他你知道些什么？
He talked a lot about his family. 有关他的家庭他谈了很多。
be/ feel afraid of害怕，畏惧
   They were all very big and strong, and we felt a little afraid of them. 他们个个身材高大、强壮，我们有点怕他们。
   I am much afraid of darkness. 我非常怕黑暗。
用法导航
(1) be afraid of意为“害怕”，后接名词或v. – ing形式。例如：
Don’ t be afraid of the elephant, it won’t hurt you. 不要怕大象，它不会伤害你的。
She was afraid of waking her husband up. 她担心把她的丈夫弄醒。
(2) be afraid for作“为••••••担心”解。例如：
I’m afraid for your health. 为你的身体担心。
(3) be afraid后面接不定式，意为“怕而不敢或愿做某事”。例如：
He was afraid to leaven his home. 他不敢离开自己的家。
He is afraid to jump. 他不敢跳。
(4) be afraid 后面还可以接that引导的宾语从句，是“恐怕”、“想”、“认为”等意思。例如：
I’m afraid that I can’t help him with his lessons today.　我恐怕今天不能帮助他复习功课了。
I’m afraid that you are wrong.　我认为你错了。
be after寻找；探求；追踪
What are you after?　你在找什么？
He is the very man I’m after.　他正是我要找的人。
The police were after the thief.　警察在追小偷。
be all right（身体）好
  Are you still all right?　你身体还好吗？
  No, she didn’t hurt herself. She was all right.　不，她没受伤。她平安无恙。
用法导航
(1) all right还可以表示“好、行、可以”。例如：
--Let’s go to the cinema, shall we?　咱们去看电影，好吗？
--All right!　好吧！
(2) That’s all right是“没关系”的意思。例如：
--Thank you very much.非常感谢你。
--That’s all right.　不用谢。（参见“all right”）
be angry with sb.　生某人的气
   He was rather angry with the man upstairs.　他对楼上的那个人很生气。
   She was angry with herself for having made such foolish mistakes.　她因犯了如此愚蠢的错误而生闷气。
用法导航
(1) be angry with表示“对某人生气”，后面某人为宾语，而且还可以再做for doing sth.　表示生气的原因。如：
He was angry with me for not having done anything.　我什么也没做，他为此很生气。
(2) be angry at表示“因某事生气”，后接表示“言行”的名词（代词）、动词-ing形式或what从句为宾语。如：
She was rather angry at missing the bus.　他没有赶的上公共汽车，相当生气。
He was angry at that I said.　他对我所说的感到生气。
(3) 注意：强调愤怒时，be angry at也可以对人。
be always ready to总是乐于
   Lei Feng was always ready to help others.　雷锋总是乐于助人。
   I’m always ready to make new friends.　我很乐意于交新朋友。
用法导航
　　be ready to后接动词，意思是“准备做某事”或“愿意做某事”；be ready for后接名词，意思是“为某事做好准备”。例如：
We are ready to travel abroad. 我们准备出国旅行。
I’m ready to go with you. 我乐意与你同行。
He is ready for the maths exam. 他已为数学考试做好准备。 
be had for对••••••有害
   Don’t read in the sun. it is bad for your eyes. 别在阳光下看书。这时眼睛有害。
   Too many sweets are bad for your teeth. 糖果吃多了对你的牙齿不好。
be / become interested in对••••••感兴趣
  He became very interested in science. 他对自然科学产生了浓厚兴趣。
  I am interested in history.我对历史感兴趣。
be born in出生于
  He was born in a village near Beijing in 1971. 他于1971年出生于北京附近的一个山村。
be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
   We’re busy going over our lessons. 我们正忙着得以功课。
   The farmers are busy getting in the crops. 农民正忙着收割庄稼。
   Everybody here is busy getting ready for it and buying Christmas presents. 这里的每个人都忙着圣诞节做准备，忙着购买圣诞礼物。
   The are busy preparing for the final examination. 他们正在忙着准备期末考试。
be busy with sth. 忙于做某事
   He was busy with his work all day. 他整天忙于工作。
   Mary is busy with her lessons. 玛丽忙于做功课。
用法导航
   be buys(in) 后面接“动词+ ing”形式，be busy with后面接名词。例如：
   My mother is busy (in) cooking.我母亲正忙于做饭。
   Soon, they were busy talking. 很快，他们便谈个不停。
be careful小心，当心
  Be careful while you walk across the street. 过马路时一定要当心。
  Be careful not to break the glasses. 注意不要把玻璃杯打碎了。
  Be careful with your pronunciation. 注意你的发音。
用法导航
  be careful后面接宾语时，常与介词with或of搭配。例如：
  Be careful of the dog. 小心（提防）那条狗。
  You must be careful with your handwriting. 你应该注意你的书法。
because of由于，因为
   We can’t go to climb Xiangshan today because of the heavy ran. 因为下雨，我们今天不可能去爬香山了。
   He didn’t go to school because of ill. 他病了，没去上学。
用法导航
(1) because 是从属关系，引导原因状语从句。例如：
Because it was too hot, we could not drink the milk. 牛奶太烫， 我们喝不下去。
He isn’t coming because he is very busy. 他来不了，因为他很忙。
(2) because of中of是介词，后接名词或代词，也可接what引导的名词怀从句。例如：
They had to stay at home because of a heavy rain. 因为一场雨，他们只好呆在家里。
Her face went red because of what he said. 他所说的话使她的脸刷地一下子变红了。
(3) 注意：reason在句中作主语时，系动词be后面的表语从句不得用because或because of引导。试译：
他没上学的原因是因为他生病了。
误：The reason why he didn’t go to school was because of his illness.
正：The reason why he didn’t go to school was that he was ill.
be covered with覆盖着，尽是
   The mountains were covered with snow. 满山遍野尽是雪。
   The table is covered with a white cloth. 桌子上盖着一块白布。
用法导航
   该短语系表结构，表示状语，不要被动语态。
be different from不同于，和••••••不同
  The weather here is different from that in my hometown. 这里的天气和我家乡的天气不同。
  English is different form Chinese in some way.英语和汉语在某些方面不同。
  Your method of study is different from mine. 你的学习方法和我的不同。
  I think this is different from Chinese names. 我认为这与中国的人名不同。
  This book is different from that one. 这本书与那本书不同。
  Your answer is different from mine. 你的答案与我的不同。
  This is different from that. Can’t you see?  这个和那个是不同的。你难道看不出来吗？
be/ become famous as作为•••••••而出名
  He is famous as a great writer. 他作为一个伟大的作家而出名。
be/ become famous for因为••••••而出名
  Soon they became famous for their invention. 不久他们因为他们的发明而出名了。
  Hangzhou is famous for its beautiful West Lake. 杭州因美丽的西湖出名。
be for behind远远落在后面，落后
  But the other runners were not far behind. 但是其他运动中也落后不远。
  Tom is far behind the other students in English. 汤姆在英语方面比其他同学差。
be fed up (with) 对•••••厌烦
  She was fed up with all this talk. 她对这些谈话已厌烦了。
  I’m fed up with your silly questions. 我对你这些愚蠢的问题厌烦了。
be friendly to对••••••友好
   Are they friendly to the children? 他们对孩子们友好呢？
   Don’t be shy. They are friendly to you. 别害羞，他们对你很好的。
to from 从•••••来，是••••••人
   This postcard is from my friend Lily. 候车室里挤满了人。
   There is a cup full of milk on the table. 桌子上有满满一杯牛奶。
to full of充满，满足
(1) full of表示“充满”，纯粹说明人或物所处的状态，也可用来表示抽象意义。例如：
The field hospital was full of wounded soldiers. 野战医院里住满了伤员。
The room is full of smoke. 屋子里都是烟味。
(2) filled with表示“装满”，也是表示表态，但往往暗示外界主语“使••••••充满”，也可用来表示抽象意义。例如：
The professor brought out three bottles. One was filled with kerosene, one with castor oil, and one with vinegar. 教授拿出了三只瓶子。一只瓶子装满煤油，一只装满蓖麻油，一只装满醋。
The hall was at once filled with joy. 大厅里顿时一片欢腾。
be kind to sb. 对某人好
   Everyone was kind to him at that time. 那时每个人对他都很好。
   She is only a poor old lady. Please be kind to her. 她只一个可怜的老妇人，请对她好点。
be / become known as 被称为，大家公认，叫做
  Jia Sixie is known as one of the pioneers of farming. 贾思勰被认为是农业科学的先驱者之一。
  It has long been known as the best car in the world. 长期以来它被公认为是世界上最好的汽车。
be / become known for因••••••而出名
  Fujian is known for tea. 福建以产茶出名。
  The village is known for the beauty of its countryside. 这村庄因其美丽的乡村景色而出色。
be/ become known to为（某人）所知
  The doctor is known to us all. 这医生为我们所有所熟知。
begin class / school开始上课
  What time do you begin school? 你们什么时候上课？
  We begin school at 8:00 in the morning. 我们早上八点钟开始上课。
begin to do sth. / doing sth. 开始做•••••
   You may begin doing your homework now. 你们现在可以做家庭作业。
   I began to teach English at 20. 我从二十岁就开始教英语。
用法导航
   begin to do sth. 和begin doing sth. 在很多情况下没有什么区别。不过，当强调情况的变化时，用begin to do sth. 较多；当强调有意识地开始某动作时，用begin doing sth较多。
begin with以••••••开始
   They have steps, and they begin with L. 它们有梯级，它们以字母L开始。
   Let’s begin with A, B, C! 我们从头开始吧。
   We began with the third lesson. 我们从第三课开始。
用法导航
   如果with后无宾语，那么to begin with意思则是“首先，第一”、
be glad to do做某事很高兴
  I’m glad to see you again. 又见到你我很高兴。
  I shall be glad to talk to her. 我很高兴和她谈谈。
be going to do sth.打算/ 准备去做•••••
  I’m going to see a film. 我打算去看电影。
  Are you going to visit the museum? 你准备去参见博物馆吗？
be good at擅长，爱好
  He is good at maths. 他爱好数学。
  The boy is good at running. 那个男孩擅长跑步。
用法导航
at 为介词，后面须加宾语，即名词、代词、v. –ing形式等
be good for对••••••有好处/有益
   Doing morning exercises is good for you. 做早操对你有好处。
   The teacher’s words are good for you. 老师的话对你有好处。
   Exercise is good for the health. 运动对健康有好处。
   This medicine is good for your cough. 这种药物对治人咳嗽有效。
用法导航
(1) be good for意为“有益于••••••”、“对••••••有好处”，后接名词、代词或v. –ing形式。  be good at意为“在•••••方面好”、“擅长于”，后面也可以接名词、代词或v. –ing形式。例如：
This medicine is good fever. 这种药对治疗发烧有效。
This kind of wood is good for making boxes. 这种木料适合用来做箱子。
He is good at English. 他英语觉得好。
Tom is good at swimming. 汤姆很会游泳。
(2) 与该词组互为相反的词组是be had for.例如：
Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟有害健康。
be here在这儿，来了，到来
  Is everyone here today? 今天大家都来了吗？
  The winter is here. 冬天来到了。
  Tom isn’t here today. 汤姆今天没来。
用法导航
  here 为副词，其前面一般不再加介词。但in here（在这里面），near here（在这附近），from here（从这里）除外。在点名答“到”时，用英语可说“Here！”。
behind the tree在树后面
  There is a house behind the tree.　在树后面有一座房子。
  There are many flowers behind the house.　在房子后面有许多鲜花。
be in参加
　Which sport are you in today?　你今天参加哪一项运动。
  He will be in an important meeting tomorrow.他明天要参加一个重要会议。
用法导航
　be in还表示“在••••••地方”。后面不接名词时，是副词，意为“在家”，等于at home,其反义词是out.例如：
  She is in Beijing now. 她现在在北京。
  When I went to see him, he happened to be in. 我去拜访他时，他碰巧在家。
be in在家
  He is in all day. 他一整天都在家。
  I think he is in now. 我认为他现在在家
用法导航
    in 在此是副词，放在be后作表语。out是其反义词。
be in hospital生病住院
   My father was ill in hospital. 我父亲生病住院了。
   The doctor said she had to be in hospital for some time. 医生说她得住一段时间院。
用法导航
   在英国，in hospital作为“住院”解，hospital具有抽象化的意义，不指某个具体的医院，故前面不用冠词。in the hospital意为“在医院”，指一所特定的医院。不过在美国英语里，in the hospital也表示“住院”。例如：
     In the hospital, the woman finds her husband. 在医院里，那位妇女的到了她的丈夫。
be / become interested in对••••••感兴趣
   As a child, she was interested in everything. 儿时她对什么都感兴趣。
   I’m interested in making model planes. 我对做模型感兴趣。
用法导航
     be interested in强调对（做）某事感兴趣的一种状态，而become interested in则强调一个过程，有原来并不感兴趣，逐渐变得感兴趣之意。例如：
     At first she was weak in English, but then she became interested in it. Now she is very good at it. 一开始她英语不好，但后来变得对其感兴趣了。现在她英语非常好。
be in need of需要
   He is badly in need of advice of some kind. 他迫切需要人都帮助出主意。
   You’re in need of a good rest. 你需要好好休息。
be just right (for) 正合适，合适的
  The weather is just right for traveling. 这天气正适合旅行。
  This book is just right for reading. 这本书正适合阅读。
be late 迟，晚
  You are late ten minutes today. 今天你迟到了十分钟。
  The bus was an hour late. 公共汽车晚点一小时。
  Don’t be late. 别迟到。
用法导航
   be late for … 是“干/做••••••晚了/迟了”，for是介词，其后面拉名词作宾语。例如：
   I am never late for class我上课从来不迟到。
   Don’t be late for the meeting. 开会不要迟到。
be made of 用••••••制成的，••••••制的
  The bridge is made of steel. 这座桥是用钢材造成的。
  The desks and chairs are made of wood. 桌子和椅子都是用木头做的。
用法导航
(1) be made of“用•••••制成”，of后接原材料，表示制成品中还看得出原材料，起的是物理变化：be made from“用••••••制成”，of后也接原材料，但制成品中已看不出原材料，起的是化学变化。例如：
It’s made of metal and wood. 它是由金属和木头做的。
The paper is made from wood. 纸是用木材的制成的。
(2) be made in意为“在某地被制造”，in 后一般跟地点状语，表示某物的产地。例如：The car is made in Shanghai.　这车是上海造的。
(3) be made by“被某人制作”，by 后跟动作的执行者。例如：
It was made by my mother.　这是我妈妈制作的。
(4) be made up of“由••••••制成”，调组成某物/　组织的一个个部分/人员。例如：
The Great Britain is made up of England. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ire lend.　大不列颠由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰组成。
be on上演，电视播出
   “Titanic” is on at the cinema recently.　最近电影院正在上演“泰坦尼克号”。
   What’s on tonight?　今晚演什么节目？
be over 结束
   School is over.　放学了。
   The meeting is over.　会议结束了。
be proud of为••••••感到骄傲/自豪
The family are all proud of you.　全家人都为你感到骄傲、自豪。
It’s nothing to be proud of.　这没什么可骄傲的。
best of all所有之中最
   I like Beijing best of all.　在所有的城市我最喜欢北京。
   I like tomatoes best of all.　在所有蔬菜中我最喜欢西红柿。
be short for是••••••简称、缩写
   Tom is short for Thomas. Tom是Thomas的简称。
   What is CAA short for? CAA　是什么缩写？
be strict with sb.　对某人要求严格
Boys and girls, you must be strict with yourselves.　同学们，你们必须严格要求自己。
They are strict with their children.　他们对孩子要求严格。
用法导航
  strict 是形容词，通常与be动词连用。be strict 意为“要求严格”；表示“对某人要求严格”时用be strict with sb.;　表示“对某事要求严格”时用be strict in sth.　例如：
   But she is very strict.　但是，她十分严格。
   Mr. Li is very strict in his work.　李老师对自己的工作要求很严格。　
best wishes (for)　（向••••••）致以良好的祝愿
   Please give my best wishes to your parents.　请向你的父母转达我最美好的祝愿。
   Best wishes for your success! 祝你成功！
　 Please give them all my best wishes.　请代我向他们致以良好的祝愿。
   Merry Christmas and best wishes for the New Year!　圣诞快乐，闻最衷心地祝愿新年快乐。
用法导航
(1) “向••••••致以问候（祝愿）”可以说give sb. one’s regards/ love/ best wishes.
(2) best wishes for后可加表节日、事情的名词，best wishes to后要加人，表示“向某人致以良好的祝愿。”
be sure of对••••••很肯定
   I’m sure of it. I’ll tell you why.我对此很肯定，我将告诉你原因。
   Everybody will like it. I’m sure of it. 每个人都会喜欢它的，我肯定。
be sure (that) 千万注意
   Be sure (that) you put it in the right place. 千万注意要把它放在正确的地方。
   Be sure that you can remember it. 千万要把它记住。
be sure to一定会，一定要
   You are sure to win the game. 你一定要赢得这场比赛的。
   Be sure to get there early! 一定要早到那儿！
between … and …　在••••••和•••••之间
  There is no difference between this word and that one. 这个单词和那个单词之间没有区别。
  The village lies between this city and that mountain. 这个小村坐落在这座城市和那座大山之间。
   They will arrive here at between 5:00 and 8:00. 他们将在五点和八点之间到达。
用法导航
   between … and … 是指“在两者之间”，如要表示“在三个或三个以上的人或物之间”则要用among: among意思是“在•••••之间”，指在三个或三个以上的人或事物。
be used for（被）用来做•••••••
  What’s it used for? 它被用来做什么？
  The knife is used for cutting. 小刀被用来切削东西。
用法导航
    be used for意为“被用来做••••••”，介词for表示用途。be used as意为“被用作••••••”，介词as表示“作为”。be used by意为“被使用”，介词by后面接动作的执行者。例如：
But English is also used very widely as a foreign language in many other countries in the world. 但在世界上许多其他国家里，英语也作为一种外语被广泛使用。
English is used by travelers and business people all over the world. 世界各地的旅行者和商人都使用英语。
be (very)popular with （很）受•••••的欢迎
   This kind of dress is very popular with the girls. 这种衣服很受女孩欢迎。
   English is very popular with travelers. 英语很受旅行者的欢迎。
be weak in差的，弱的
   He is a little weak in Chinese. 他的汉语有点差。
be worth doing值得做
   This film is worth seeing. 这电影值得一看。
   It’s worth knowing something about computer. 懂点计算机是值得的。
borrow … from … 借入，从••••••借来
   He borrowed a dictionary from the library. 他从图书馆借来一本词典。
   Tom borrowed the bike from Jim. 汤姆从吉姆那儿借来自行车。
   I borrowed a dictionary from her yesterday. 昨天我向她借了一本字典。
   I borrowed a novel from the school library. 我从学校图书馆借了一本小说。
用法导航
(1) borrow指“借入”或“借用”他人的东西供自己使用。“向某人借来物”可以译成borrow sth. from sb.　或borrow one’s sth.　例如：
May I borrow your book?　我可以借你的书看看吗？
I borrowed a dictionary from my classmate.　我向同学借了一本词典。
(2) lend表示把自己的东西“借出”给别人暂使用。“借给某人某物”可以译成lend sb. sth或lend sth. to sb.　例如：
You mustn’t lend it to others.　你一定不要把它借给别人。
Who lent you this book?　谁借给你这本书？
before long不久以后
   I hope to see you before long.　我希望不久就可见到你。
   Will he be back before long?　他不久就会回来吗？
用法导航
   before long与long before是词义完全不相同的两个词组：
(1) before long意为“不久”，“很快”（soon, after a short period of time），其中before是介词，long是名词，常在句中作状语用，多与动词的过去式或将来式连用。例如：
I’ll go to Shanghai before long. 不久我要去上海。
Before long we got to the station. 很快我们就到了车站。
(2) long before意为“很久以前”，其中long是副词，long before单独使用时，before是副词，如果long before后接名词或代词时，用before为介词；long before后接从句时，before为连词，这个词组常与动词的过去式或过去完成式连用，后面跟从句时也可以用在现在时的句子中。例如：
I saw this film long before. 我很久以前就看过这部电影。
He joined the Army long before the war broke out. 在战争爆发前，他早就参军了。
It will be long before he arrives. 还要很久他才会到。
break down损坏
   It has often broken down. 它经常发生故障。
   He said his radio had broken down. 他说他的收音机坏了。
break into强行进入，破门而入；突然••••••；打断
  They planned to break into a bank. 他们计划去抢银行。
  The audience broke into roars of laughter. 听众爆发出一阵大笑。
  Don’t break into the conversation between them. 别打断他们的谈话。
break off突然停止，断绝关系
  He broke off speaking to answer the phone. 他停止讲话去听电话了。
  She broke off with her best friend. 她和她最好的朋友断交了。
break out爆发，突然发生
   The Second World War broke out in Sep. 1939. 第二次世界大战爆发于1939年9月。
   The quarrel broke out between them. 他们之间爆发了争吵。
by bus / car / train/ air / ship乘公共汽车/轿车/火车/飞机/轮船
   I’d like to travel by plane/ air. 我喜欢坐飞机旅行。
   They went to Beijing by train. 他们乘火车到北京去了。
用法导航
(1) by bus（乘公共汽车）中的by表示运动的方式、手段，意思是“凭借、依靠、利用、由”的意思。
(2) “by + 交通工具名词” 与“in / on + 限定词+交通工具名词”可以互换。其对应关系如下：
by bus = on a bus = in a bus    by boat = on a boat = in a boat
by car= on a car = in a car     by bike = on a / one’s bike
by train = on a train = in a train  by spaceship = in a spaceship
(3) 以下两点须注意：
（1） 下面几个短语中介词只用on不能用in.
on horseback 骑马   on foot步行    on a / one’s bike 骑自行车
（2） 如果交通工具名词前具体的钟点修饰，介词用by或on 皆可。例如：
I’ll go on/ by 9 o’clock train. 我将乘九点钟的火车去。
by oneself 单独地，独自地
   I must do our homework all by myself. 我应该独立完成作业。
   The old man lives here by himself. 这位老人独自一人住在这儿。
用法导航
   by oneself 之间加上all, 语气更强。例如：
   I decided to go to see my Granny all by myself. 我决定独自去看望我的奶奶。
by the end of在•••••••结束时
   We had learnt 2,000 words by the end of last term. 到上学期期末时，我们已经学了2，000个单词。
  By the end of this month this building will be finished. 到本月底，这座大楼将要竣工。
用法导航
(1) by the end指时间上的“到••••••为止”，后接of短语，句中谓语通常用完成时态，例如：
I’ll have finished the experiment by the end of this year. 到今年年底，我将完成这项试验。
She said she had worked on the farm for five years by the end of last month. 她说，到上月为止她在这个农场干了五年了。
(2) at the end表示在星期、年月、学期等具体时间的“末尾”，也可以在某地的“末尾”、“在••••••的尽头”，其后跟of短语。例如：
At the end of the term we will have another exam. 这学期末，我们还有一次考试。
At the end of the road stands a beautiful house, where the King once lived. 这条路的尽头有一座美丽的房子，国王曾在那儿住过。
by then到那时
  By then he was more than forty years old. 到那时，他已四十多岁了。
  He will arrive in Tianjin by then. 到那时他就到天津了。
by the way顺便问/说/提一句
   By the way, what are you going to do next week? 顺便问一下，下周你们打算做什么？
   By the way, here’s a letter for you. 顺便提一句，这儿有你一封信。
by way of经••••••到某处；作为；此处
   You can get to the Forbidden City by way of Chang’an street.